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// This file is part of Substrate.
// Copyright (C) Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
//! Support code for the runtime. A set of test accounts.
pub use sp_core::sr25519;
#[cfg(feature = "std")]
use sp_core::sr25519::Signature;
use sp_core::{
hex2array,
sr25519::{Pair, Public},
ByteArray, Pair as PairT, H256,
};
use sp_runtime::AccountId32;
extern crate alloc;
use alloc::{fmt, format, str::FromStr, string::String, vec::Vec};
/// Set of test accounts.
#[derive(
Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, strum::Display, strum::EnumIter, Ord, PartialOrd,
)]
pub enum Keyring {
Alice,
Bob,
Charlie,
Dave,
Eve,
Ferdie,
AliceStash,
BobStash,
CharlieStash,
DaveStash,
EveStash,
FerdieStash,
One,
Two,
}
impl Keyring {
pub fn from_public(who: &Public) -> Option<Keyring> {
Self::iter().find(|&k| &Public::from(k) == who)
pub fn from_account_id(who: &AccountId32) -> Option<Keyring> {
Self::iter().find(|&k| &k.to_account_id() == who)
pub fn from_raw_public(who: [u8; 32]) -> Option<Keyring> {
Self::from_public(&Public::from_raw(who))
pub fn to_raw_public(self) -> [u8; 32] {
*Public::from(self).as_array_ref()
pub fn from_h256_public(who: H256) -> Option<Keyring> {
Self::from_public(&Public::from_raw(who.into()))
pub fn to_h256_public(self) -> H256 {
Public::from(self).as_array_ref().into()
pub fn to_raw_public_vec(self) -> Vec<u8> {
Public::from(self).to_raw_vec()
pub fn to_account_id(self) -> AccountId32 {
self.to_raw_public().into()
pub fn sign(self, msg: &[u8]) -> Signature {
Pair::from(self).sign(msg)
pub fn pair(self) -> Pair {
Pair::from_string(&format!("//{}", <&'static str>::from(self)), None)
.expect("static values are known good; qed")
/// Returns an iterator over all test accounts.
pub fn iter() -> impl Iterator<Item = Keyring> {
<Self as strum::IntoEnumIterator>::iter()
pub fn public(self) -> Public {
Public::from(self)
pub fn to_seed(self) -> String {
format!("//{}", self)
/// Create a crypto `Pair` from a numeric value.
pub fn numeric(idx: usize) -> Pair {
Pair::from_string(&format!("//{}", idx), None).expect("numeric values are known good; qed")
/// Get account id of a `numeric` account.
pub fn numeric_id(idx: usize) -> AccountId32 {
(*Self::numeric(idx).public().as_array_ref()).into()
impl From<Keyring> for &'static str {
fn from(k: Keyring) -> Self {
match k {
Keyring::Alice => "Alice",
Keyring::Bob => "Bob",
Keyring::Charlie => "Charlie",
Keyring::Dave => "Dave",
Keyring::Eve => "Eve",
Keyring::Ferdie => "Ferdie",
Keyring::AliceStash => "Alice//stash",
Keyring::BobStash => "Bob//stash",
Keyring::CharlieStash => "Charlie//stash",
Keyring::DaveStash => "Dave//stash",
Keyring::EveStash => "Eve//stash",
Keyring::FerdieStash => "Ferdie//stash",
Keyring::One => "One",
Keyring::Two => "Two",
impl From<Keyring> for sp_runtime::MultiSigner {
fn from(x: Keyring) -> Self {
sp_runtime::MultiSigner::Sr25519(x.into())
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct ParseKeyringError;
impl fmt::Display for ParseKeyringError {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
write!(f, "ParseKeyringError")
impl FromStr for Keyring {
type Err = ParseKeyringError;
fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, <Self as FromStr>::Err> {
match s {
"alice" => Ok(Keyring::Alice),
"bob" => Ok(Keyring::Bob),
"charlie" => Ok(Keyring::Charlie),
"dave" => Ok(Keyring::Dave),
"eve" => Ok(Keyring::Eve),
"ferdie" => Ok(Keyring::Ferdie),
"one" => Ok(Keyring::One),
"two" => Ok(Keyring::Two),
_ => Err(ParseKeyringError),
impl From<Keyring> for AccountId32 {
k.to_account_id()
impl From<Keyring> for Public {
Public::from_raw(k.into())
impl From<Keyring> for Pair {
k.pair()
impl From<Keyring> for [u8; 32] {
Keyring::Alice =>
hex2array!("d43593c715fdd31c61141abd04a99fd6822c8558854ccde39a5684e7a56da27d"),
Keyring::Bob =>
hex2array!("8eaf04151687736326c9fea17e25fc5287613693c912909cb226aa4794f26a48"),
Keyring::Charlie =>
hex2array!("90b5ab205c6974c9ea841be688864633dc9ca8a357843eeacf2314649965fe22"),
Keyring::Dave =>
hex2array!("306721211d5404bd9da88e0204360a1a9ab8b87c66c1bc2fcdd37f3c2222cc20"),
Keyring::Eve =>
hex2array!("e659a7a1628cdd93febc04a4e0646ea20e9f5f0ce097d9a05290d4a9e054df4e"),
Keyring::Ferdie =>
hex2array!("1cbd2d43530a44705ad088af313e18f80b53ef16b36177cd4b77b846f2a5f07c"),
Keyring::AliceStash =>
hex2array!("be5ddb1579b72e84524fc29e78609e3caf42e85aa118ebfe0b0ad404b5bdd25f"),
Keyring::BobStash =>
hex2array!("fe65717dad0447d715f660a0a58411de509b42e6efb8375f562f58a554d5860e"),
Keyring::CharlieStash =>
hex2array!("1e07379407fecc4b89eb7dbd287c2c781cfb1907a96947a3eb18e4f8e7198625"),
Keyring::DaveStash =>
hex2array!("e860f1b1c7227f7c22602f53f15af80747814dffd839719731ee3bba6edc126c"),
Keyring::EveStash =>
hex2array!("8ac59e11963af19174d0b94d5d78041c233f55d2e19324665bafdfb62925af2d"),
Keyring::FerdieStash =>
hex2array!("101191192fc877c24d725b337120fa3edc63d227bbc92705db1e2cb65f56981a"),
Keyring::One =>
hex2array!("ac859f8a216eeb1b320b4c76d118da3d7407fa523484d0a980126d3b4d0d220a"),
Keyring::Two =>
hex2array!("1254f7017f0b8347ce7ab14f96d818802e7e9e0c0d1b7c9acb3c726b080e7a03"),
impl From<Keyring> for H256 {
k.into()
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
use super::*;
use sp_core::{sr25519::Pair, Pair as PairT};
#[test]
fn should_work() {
assert!(Pair::verify(
&Keyring::Alice.sign(b"I am Alice!"),
b"I am Alice!",
&Keyring::Alice.public(),
));
assert!(!Pair::verify(
b"I am Bob!",
&Keyring::Bob.public(),
fn verify_static_public_keys() {
assert!(Keyring::iter().all(|k| { k.pair().public().as_ref() == <[u8; 32]>::from(k) }));